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The fluorescein is administered intravenously in intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) and orally in oral fluorescein angiography (OFA). The test is a dye tracing method. The fluorescein dye also reappears in the patient urine, causing the urine to appear darker, and sometimes orange. [2] It can also cause discolouration of the saliva.
The first version of the LEA test was developed in 1976 by Finnish pediatric ophthalmologist Lea Hyvärinen, MD, PhD. Dr. Hyvärinen completed her thesis on fluorescein angiography and helped start the first clinical laboratory in that area while serving as a fellow at the Wilmer Eye Institute of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1967.
Angiography is also commonly performed to identify vessels narrowing in patients with leg claudication or cramps, caused by reduced blood flow down the legs and to the feet; in patients with renal stenosis (which commonly causes high blood pressure) and can be used in the head to find and repair stroke. These are all done routinely through the ...
Fluorescein is a fluorophore commonly used in microscopy, in a type of dye laser as the gain medium, in forensics and serology to detect latent blood stains, and in dye tracing. Fluorescein has an absorption maximum at 494 nm and emission maximum of 512 nm (in water).
Fluorescein is a dye which is taken up by damaged cornea such that the area appears green under cobalt blue light. [3] There is also a version that comes premixed with lidocaine. [4] [8] Fluorescein was first made in 1871. [9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [10]
Fluorescein angiogram of a person with central retinal artery occlusion Ocular coherence tomogram (OCT) of a person with central retinal artery occlusion. One diagnostic method for the confirmation of CRAO is Fluorescein angiography, it is used to examine the retinal artery filling time after the fluorescein dye is injected into the peripheral venous system. [2]
It is used for determining cardiac output, hepatic function, liver and gastric blood flow, and for ophthalmic and cerebral angiography. [4] It has a peak spectral absorption at about 800 nm. [5] These infrared frequencies penetrate retinal layers, allowing ICG angiography to image deeper patterns of circulation than fluorescein angiography. [6]
While conventional dye-based angiography is still the common gold standard, OCTA has been evaluated and used across many diseases. [4] [5] [25] OCTA was first introduced in clinical eyecare in 2014. [26] OCTA has applications in several diseases, including leading causes of blindness such as glaucoma [24] and age-related macular degeneration. [27]