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Parenting or child rearing promotes and supports the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and educational development from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the intricacies of raising a child and not exclusively for a biological relationship.
While the child's emotional needs were catered for by his or her family, the physical well-being, health care, and education as a whole were entrusted to the educators' expertise. [ 3 ] Fathers were supposed to bond with their children through quality time much more so than in a non-kibbutz environment, where they may be required to spend long ...
Father and children reading. According to a literature review by Christopher Spera (2005), Darling and Steinberg (1993) suggest that it is important to better understand the differences between parenting styles and parenting practices: "Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children", while parenting style is "the emotional climate in which ...
A child's environment is organized in a non-arbitrary manner as part of a cultural system; The child’s own disposition, including a particular constellation of attributes, temperament, skills, and potentials, affect the process of development. The developmental niche is seen as the composite of three interacting subsystems:
Hoping to enhance psychoanalysis in the pediatric world, Benjamin Spock authored a book called The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. The book, which was released in 1946 and soon became a best seller, encouraged free-range parenting with the hopes of implementing Freudian philosophy into child-rearing.
In evolutionary biology, parental investment is the expenditure of time and effort towards rearing offspring that benefits the offspring's evolutionary fitness at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other components of the species' fitness. Parental care requires resources from one or both parents that increases the fitness of their ...
Other scholars have emphasized how medieval and early modern child rearing was not indifferent, negligent, nor brutal. The historian Stephen Wilson argues that in the context of pre-industrial poverty and high infant mortality (with a third or more of the babies dying), actual child-rearing practices represented appropriate behavior in the ...
The researchers suggest that this confusion arises from satellite babies subscribing to two conflicting cultural models of familial relationships and child-rearing: the Western model of intensive parenting that prioritises the parent-child relationship, and the more collectivist model of an open, expansive family that shares childcare ...