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A mosaic pattern of GGO refers to multiple irregular areas of both increased attenuation and decreased attenuation on CT. It is often the result of occlusion of small pulmonary arteries or obstruction of small airways leading to air trapping. [6]
Air trapping, also called gas trapping, is an abnormal retention of air in the lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely. [1] It is observed in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma , bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis .
High resolution CT scan showing bronchiolitis obliterans with mosaic attenuation, bronchiectasis, air trapping and bronchial thickening [3] Specialty: Pulmonology Symptoms: Dry cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, feeling tired [1] Usual onset: Worsens over weeks to months in rare cases. [4] Causes
The non-fibrotic form is typically characterized by ground glass opacities, mosaic attenuation, ill-defined centrilobular nodules (<5 mm), and air trapping. [12] The fibrotic form is typically characterized by irregular linear opacities/coarse reticulations, traction bronchiectasis , and honeycombing , patchy ground-glass attenuation ...
The findings on chest imaging in DIPNECH patients are bilateral and diffuse. The most frequent findings on a computed tomography (CT) of the chest are multiple primary nodules and/or masses, on a background of mosaic attenuation and airway wall thickening. [2] [9] The nodules have an indolent pattern of growth and are found throughout the lungs.
The attenuation in the signal of ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking. A seismic wave loses energy as it propagates through the earth (seismic attenuation). This phenomenon is tied into the dispersion of the seismic energy with the distance. There are two types of dissipated energy:
This accumulation of air increases alveolar pressure at the end of expiration, which is referred to as auto-PEEP. Auto-PEEP develops commonly in high minute ventilation ( hyperventilation ), expiratory flow limitation (obstructed airway) and expiratory resistance (narrow airway).
It is well accepted that the Cassie air trapping wetting regime corresponds to a higher energetic state, and the Cassie–Wenzel transition is irreversible. [14] However, the mechanism of the transition remains unclear. It was suggested that the Cassie–Wenzel transition occurs via a nucleation mechanism starting from the drop center. [15]