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A number of different tools exist, but the two most commonly used ones are the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT, formerly called the “Gail Model”) and the International Breast Cancer ...
The Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT), also known as the Gail Model, is one of the most common and popular tests used to identify those women at risk for breast cancer, says Sherry Ross ...
The site began in 1998 as a pen and paper questionnaire called the Harvard Cancer Risk Index. [2] In January 2000, The Harvard Cancer Risk Index developed into an online assessment and was renamed Your Cancer Risk, and offered assessments for four cancers: breast, colon, lung, and prostate. Six months later, eight additional cancers were added. [3]
In general, women with low risk are recommended to screen less frequently, while screening is intensified in those at high risk. The NCI (National Cancer Institute) provides a free breast cancer risk assessment tool online that utilizes the Gail Model to predict risk of developing invasive breast cancer based on a woman's personal information. [43]
Male individuals have a much lower risk of developing breast cancer than females. In developed countries, about 99% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in female patients; in a few African countries, which represent the highest incidence of male breast cancer, males account for 5–15% of cases. [4]
Breast cancer is not a single disease but multiple ones, each carrying varying degrees of risk for endangering women’s health. In recent years, many researchers have been focused on DCIS: ductal ...
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
The impact of early cancer detection and the treatment outcomes vary, as there are instances where even with available treatment, early detection may not enhance the overall survival. If the cancer screening does not change the treatment outcome, the screening only prolongs the time the individual lived with the knowledge of their cancer diagnosis.