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The Capture of Rome (Italian: Presa di Roma) occurred on 20 September 1870, as forces of the Kingdom of Italy took control of the city and of the Papal States. After a plebiscite held on 2 October 1870, Rome was officially made capital of Italy on 3 February 1871, completing the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ).
1848 - Uprisings in Rome. 1849 - Nationalists proclaim an unrecognised Roman Republic. Pope Pius IX is later restored to power in the city, after a French invasion. 1860 - Garibaldi and his 1,000 soldiers take Sicily and Naples. 1861 - The Kingdom of Italy is founded, with Turin as its capital. 1870 - Rome captured by Italy.
The Risorgimento movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three Wars of Italian Independence against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the Expedition of the Thousand against the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies in the south, and the Capture of Rome, the unification of the country ...
Kingdom of Italy in 1870, showing the Papal States, before the Capture of Rome. The 13 May 1871 Italian Law of Guarantees, passed eight months after the capture of Rome, was an attempt to solve the problem by making the pope a subject of the Kingdom of Italy, not an independent sovereign, while guaranteeing him certain honours similar to those ...
In 1867 Garibaldi made a second attempt to capture Rome, but the Papal army, strengthened with a new French auxiliary force, defeated his poorly armed volunteers at Mentana. Subsequently, a French garrison remained in Civitavecchia until August 1870, when it was recalled following the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War.
The breach of Porta Pia during the Capture of Rome. The opportunity for the Kingdom of Italy to eliminate the Papal States came in 1870; the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July prompted Napoleon III to recall his garrison from Rome and the collapse of the Second French Empire at the Battle of Sedan deprived Rome of its French protector.
With the intention of celebrating those who had taken part in the battles that had led to the constitution of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, Vittorio Emanuele II, with Royal Decree no. 2174 of 4 March 1865[1], established the commemorative medal of the Wars fought in 1848, 1849, 1859, 1860 and 1861 for the independence and unity of Italy and granted it to all those who had fought in the first ...
Although the pope's tiny army was incapable of defending the city, Pius IX ordered it to put up at least a token resistance to emphasize that Italy was acquiring Rome by force and not consent. The city was captured on 20 September 1870. Rome and Latium were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a plebiscite held in the following October.