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As a precursor to the lambda functions introduced in C# 3.0, C#2.0 added anonymous delegates. These provide closure-like functionality to C#. [3] Code inside the body of an anonymous delegate has full read/write access to local variables, method parameters, and class members in scope of the delegate, excepting out and ref parameters.
The main difference between the two is that an out parameter must have been assigned within the method by the time the method returns. ref may or may not assign a new value, but the parameter variable has to be initialized before calling the function.
An extension method must be defined in a static class. An extension method must be defined as a static method. An extension method's first parameter must take the following form, where type is the name of the type to be extended: this type parameterName; An extension method may optionally define other parameters to follow the this parameter.
C# makes use of reification to provide "first-class" generic objects that can be used like any other class, with code generation performed at class-load time. [29] Furthermore, C# has added several major features to accommodate functional-style programming, culminating in the LINQ extensions released with C# 3.0 and its supporting framework of ...
The term closure is often used as a synonym for anonymous function, though strictly, an anonymous function is a function literal without a name, while a closure is an instance of a function, a value, whose non-local variables have been bound either to values or to storage locations (depending on the language; see the lexical environment section below).
The names "lambda abstraction", "lambda function", and "lambda expression" refer to the notation of function abstraction in lambda calculus, where the usual function f (x) = M would be written (λx. M), and where M is an expression that uses x. Compare to the Python syntax of lambda x: M.
Evaluating this lambda expression is similar [a] to constructing a new instance of an anonymous class that implements Lazy<Integer> with an eval method returning 1. Each iteration of the loop links a to a new object created by evaluating the lambda expression inside the loop.
It also defines a set of method names (called standard query operators, or standard sequence operators), along with translation rules used by the compiler to translate query syntax expressions into expressions using fluent-style (called method syntax by Microsoft) with these method names, lambda expressions and anonymous types.