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Robert Dicke, in 1957, developed a VSL theory of gravity, a theory in which (unlike general relativity) the speed of light measured locally by a free-falling observer could vary. [7] Dicke assumed that both frequencies and wavelengths could vary, which since c = ν λ {\displaystyle c=\nu \lambda } resulted in a relative change of c .
On the other hand, the theory makes natural laws invariant—examples are the constancy of the speed of light, or the covariance of Maxwell's equations. Consequently, Felix Klein (1910) called it the "invariant theory of the Lorentz group" instead of relativity theory, and Einstein (who reportedly used expressions like "absolute theory ...
Measurements on light from gamma-ray bursts show that the speed of light does not vary with energy. Modern searches for Lorentz violation are scientific studies that look for deviations from Lorentz invariance or symmetry, a set of fundamental frameworks that underpin modern science and fundamental physics in particular.
At a sufficient distance, the speed at which the beam "moves" may exceed the speed of light. The lighthouse paradox is a thought experiment in which the speed of light is apparently exceeded. The rotating beam of light from a lighthouse is imagined to be swept from one object to shine on a second object. The farther the two objects are away ...
In such a theory, its speed would depend on its frequency, and the invariant speed c of special relativity would then be the upper limit of the speed of light in vacuum. [32] No variation of the speed of light with frequency has been observed in rigorous testing, putting stringent limits on the mass of the photon. [59]
In 1992, John Moffat proposed that the speed of light was much larger in the early universe, in which the speed of light had a value of more than 10 30 km/s. [2] He published his " variable speed of light " (VSL) theory in two places—on the Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL) online archive, 16 Nov. 1992, [ 4 ] and in a 1993 edition of ...
1911 – Max von Laue writes that special relativity and Lorentz aether theory predict the Sagnac effect, absent in Ritz's ballistic theory or in Stokes's theory of aether drag. [27] 1913 – Georges Sagnac observes the effect named after him, disproving Ritz's ballistic theory or aether drag. However, he favours Lorentz's model and even claims ...
Einstein's special theory is not the only theory that combines a form of light speed constancy with the relativity principle. A theory along the lines of that proposed by Heinrich Hertz (in 1890) [17] allows for light to be fully dragged by all objects, giving local c-constancy for all physical observers.