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There are also three obsolete vowels, corresponding to vowels in Sanskrit. Written Kannada is composed of akshara or kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The letters for consonants combine with diacritics for vowels. The consonant letter without any diacritic, such as ಕ ka, has the inherent vowel a ಅ.
Some letters are modified with diacritics: Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ (/ʂ~ɕ~ʃ/) have an underdot. Two letters have an overdot: ṁ and ṅ (/ŋ/). One has an acute accent: ś (/ʃ/). One letter has a line below: ḻ (/ɭ/) (Vedic).
Based on native Kannada words in Prakrit inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a broad and stable population. [32] [33] [34] Kannada includes many loan words from Sanskrit. Some unaltered loan words (Sanskrit: तत्सम, romanized: tatsama, lit.
In the Kannada script, the visarga (which is called visarga) is represented with two small circles to the right of a letter ಃ. It adds an aḥ sound to the end of the letter. This script also has separate symbols for ardhavisarga absent in most other scripts, jihvamuliya, ೱ, and upadhmaniya, ೲ.
When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word karnā is written करना (ka-ra-nā). [60]
Sanskrit: Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Śiva, Sāmaveda; Hindi: Mahābhārat, Rāmāyaṇ, Śiv, Sāmved; Some words may keep the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it: Krishna, Vajra, Maurya; Because of this, some words ending in consonant clusters are altered in various modern Indic languages as such: Mantra=mantar.
Gana refers to a group. In Kannada prosody, Gana refers to the group of the syllables, letters, or units. There are three types: Mātra Gana: Gana classified on the basis of the syllables. Akshara Gana: Classified on the basis of letters. Ansha Gana: Classified on the basis of units or parts of the poem.
A sentence in a Dravidian language like Tamil or Kannada becomes ordinarily good Bengali or Hindi by substituting Bengali or Hindi equivalents for the Dravidian words and forms, without modifying the word order; but the same thing is not possible in rendering a Persian or English sentence into a non-Indo-Aryan language.