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Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) [1] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH + 3 form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form under biological conditions), and a hydrocarbon side chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three other ...
A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is an amino acid having an aliphatic side-chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three or more carbon atoms). Among the proteinogenic amino acids, there are three BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. [1] Non-proteinogenic BCAAs include 2-aminoisobutyric acid and alloisoleucine.
Essential amino acid. An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. Of the 21 amino acids common to all life forms, the nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are valine, isoleucine ...
Amino acid replacement is a change from one amino acid to a different amino acid in a protein due to point mutation in the corresponding DNA sequence. It is caused by nonsynonymous missense mutation which changes the codon sequence to code other amino acid instead of the original. Notable mutations.
DNA and RNA codon tables. The standard RNA codon table organized in a wheel. A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. [1][2] The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs ...
These are the biggest amino acids. Like isoleucine, leucine, and valine, these are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards the interior of the folded protein molecule. Phenylalanine can be converted into tyrosine. Glycine: G Gly Because of the two hydrogen atoms at the α carbon, glycine is not optically active. It is the smallest amino acid ...
Hypervalinemia. loss of appetite, vomiting, hypotonia, dehydration and failure to thrive. Hypervalinemia is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which urinary and serum levels of the branched-chain amino acid valine are elevated, without related elevation of the branched-chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine. [2][3] It is caused ...
Silent mutations are mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. The phrase silent mutation is often used interchangeably with the phrase synonymous mutation; however, synonymous mutations are not always silent, nor vice versa. [1][2][3][4][5] Synonymous mutations can affect transcription, splicing, mRNA ...