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A semi-inserted PCI-X card in a 32-bit PCI slot, illustrating the need for the rightmost notch and the extra room on the motherboard to remain backward compatible 64-bit SCSI card working in a 32-bit PCI slot. Most 32-bit PCI cards will function properly in 64-bit PCI-X slots, but the bus clock rate will be limited to the clock frequency of the ...
The PCI-X standard was developed jointly by IBM, HP, and Compaq and submitted for approval in 1998. It was an effort to codify proprietary server extensions to the PCI local bus to address several shortcomings in PCI, and increase performance of high bandwidth devices, such as Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and Ultra3 SCSI cards, and allow processors to be interconnected in clusters.
Originally developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (), the ExpressCard standard is maintained by the USB Implementers Forum ().The host device supports PCI Express, USB 2.0 (including Hi-Speed), and USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed) [2] (ExpressCard 2.0 only) connectivity through the ExpressCard slot; cards can be designed to use any of these modes.
12 early ISA 8 bit and 16 bit PC network cards. The lower right-most card is an early wireless network card, and the central card with partial beige plastic cover is a PSTN modem. Intel Ophir 82571 dual-port Gigabit Ethernet controller die. Network controllers were originally implemented as expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus.
NDIS Miniport drivers can also use Windows Driver Model interfaces to control network hardware. [19] Another driver type is NDIS Intermediate Driver. Intermediate drivers sit in-between the MAC and IP layers and can control all traffic being accepted by the NIC. In practice, intermediate drivers implement both miniport and protocol interfaces.
Mobile PCI Express Module (MXM) is an interconnect standard for GPUs (MXM Graphics Modules) in laptops using PCI Express created by MXM-SIG. The goal was to create a non-proprietary, industry standard socket, so one could easily upgrade the graphics processor in a laptop, without having to buy a whole new system or relying on proprietary vendor upgrades.
SIMM modules connect to the computer via an 8-bit- or 32-bit-wide interface. RIMM modules used by RDRAM are 16-bit- or 32-bit-wide. [49] DIMM modules connect to the computer via a 64-bit-wide interface. Some other computer architectures use different modules with a different bus width.
A wireless network interface controller may be implemented as an expansion card and connected using PCI bus or PCIe bus, or connected via USB, PC Card, ExpressCard, Mini PCIe or M.2. The low cost and ubiquity of the Wi-Fi standard means that many newer mobile computers have a wireless network interface built into the motherboard.