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  2. Free surface effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface_effect

    A liquid hitting a wall in a container will cause sloshing. The free surface effect is a mechanism which can cause a watercraft to become unstable and capsize. [1]It refers to the tendency of liquids — and of unbound aggregates of small solid objects, like seeds, gravel, or crushed ore, whose behavior approximates that of liquids — to move in response to changes in the attitude of a craft ...

  3. Slosh dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh_dynamics

    Important examples include propellant slosh in spacecraft tanks and rockets (especially upper stages), and the free surface effect (cargo slosh) in ships and trucks transporting liquids (for example oil and gasoline). However, it has become common to refer to liquid motion in a completely filled tank, i.e. without a free surface, as "fuel slosh".

  4. Computational methods for free surface flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_methods_for...

    Here σ is the surface tension, n, t and s are unit vectors in a local orthogonal coordinate system (n,t,s) at the free surface (n is outward normal to the free surface while the other two lie in the tangential plane and are mutually orthogonal). The indices 'l' and 'g' denote liquid and gas, respectively and K is the curvature of the free surface.

  5. Metacentric height - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height

    The range of positive stability will be reduced to the angle of down flooding resulting in a reduced righting lever. When the vessel is inclined, the fluid in the flooded volume will move to the lower side, shifting its centre of gravity toward the list, further extending the heeling force. This is known as the free surface effect.

  6. Ship stability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_stability

    The loss of stability from flooding may be due in part to the free surface effect. Water accumulating in the hull usually drains to the bilges, lowering the center of gravity and actually increasing the metacentric height. This assumes the ship remains stationary and upright.

  7. Antiroll tanks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiroll_Tanks

    The air columns above the liquid in the two tanks are also connected by a duct. As in the free surface tanks, as the ship begins to roll the fluid flows from wing tank to wing tank causing a time varying roll moment to the ship and with careful design this roll moment is of correct phasing to reduce the roll motion of the ship.

  8. Surface energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_energy

    The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).

  9. Free surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface

    Disturbed free surface of a sea, viewed from below. In physics, a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress, [1] such as the interface between two homogeneous fluids. [2] An example of two such homogeneous fluids would be a body of water (liquid) and the air in the Earth's atmosphere (gas mixture).