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Trivalent chromium, or chromium(III), is an essential trace mineral in the human diet. [3] In some nutritional supplements, chromium(III) occurs as chromium(III) picolinate (in which chromium is bound to picolinic acid) or chromium(III) nicotinate (in which chromium is bound to nicotinic acid). Nicotinic acid is also known as the B vitamin niacin.
They concluded that there were high levels of hexavalent chromium in the air, originating from a local cement plant, called Cemex. [55] The levels of hexavalent chromium were 8 to 10 times higher than the air district's acceptable level at Pacific Elementary School and the Davenport Fire Department. [55]
A 2007 toxicity report for the National Toxicology Program provided evidence that high doses of chromium 6 caused cancers of the gastrointestinal tract in rats and mice at levels higher than 5 mg/L of water, (5 ppm, or 5,000 ppb). [41] [42] Average hexavalent chromium levels in Hinkley were recorded at 1.19 ppb, with an estimated peak of 20 ppb.
After the Camp Fire in 2018, which burned almost 19,000 buildings, researchers found elevated levels of lead, zinc, calcium, iron and manganese in the smoke. Some metals traveled more than 150 miles.
“Chromium-6 is a known carcinogen — even at exceptionally low levels. It has no place in drinking water.” Esquivel, the board’s chair, described the decision as striking a balance.
Chromium supplementation in general is subject to a certain amount of controversy as it is by no means clear that chromium is an essential element in human biology. [25] Nevertheless, chromium is an ingredient in total parenteral nutrition, along with other trace minerals. [26] It is also in nutritional products for preterm infants. [27]
The river water was contaminated with toxic metals including arsenic, copper, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and thallium. [2] Cleanup costs may exceed $1.2 billion. [3] A toxic heavy metal is a common but misleading term for a metal-like element noted for its potential toxicity. [4]
Lastly, chronic exposure of cadmium can cause bone weakness which increases the risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis. [5] Chromium: The direct exposure to chromium (VI) is hazardous to health. High levels of chromium (VI) in drinking water can cause ulcers in the small intestine and stomach when ingested.