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Wind will cause pressure on the upwind side of a roof (and truss) and suction on the downwind side. This will translate to asymmetrical loads but the Cremona method is the same. Wind force may introduce larger forces in the individual truss members than the static vertical loads.
There is a pressure difference between the outside air and the air inside the building caused by the difference in temperature between the outside air and the inside air. That pressure difference ( ΔP) is the driving force for the stack effect and it can be calculated with the equations presented below.
Bridge scour is the removal of sediment such as sand and gravel from around bridge abutments or piers. Hydrodynamic scour, caused by fast flowing water, can carve out scour holes, compromising the integrity of a structure. [1] In the United States, bridge scour is one of the three main causes of bridge failure (the
The diaphragm of a structure often does double duty as the floor system or roof system in a building, or the deck of a bridge, which simultaneously supports gravity loads. [1] Parts of a diaphragm include: [2] the collector (or membrane), used as a shear panel to carry in-plane shear
An abutment is the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam supporting its superstructure. [1] Single-span bridges have abutments at each end that provide vertical and lateral support for the span, as well as acting as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach.
The pressure difference on both doors is the same, but the surface area is not. This ensures that the opening force (on 5) overcomes the closing one (on 6), which causes the gate to turn clockwise and open. Flap sluice gate A fully automatic type, controlled by the pressure head across it; operation is similar to that of a check valve. It is a ...
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View of diagonal stays and vertical suspender cables; the main cables are at top. The Brooklyn Bridge contains four main cables, which descend from the tops of the suspension towers and help support the deck. Two are located to the outside of the bridge's roadways, while two are in the median of the roadways. [7]