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2. Shapefile - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapefile

   It is now possible to read and write geographical datasets using the shapefile format with a wide variety of software. The shapefile format stores the geometry as primitive geometric shapes like points, lines, and polygons. These shapes, together with data attributes that are linked to each shape, create the representation of the geographic data.

3. GIS file format - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS_file_format

   This was most common from the 1970s through the early 1990s, because GIS software developers had to invent their own geometry data structures, but incorporated existing relational database file formats for the attributes. For example, the Esri Shapefile format includes the .dbf file from the DOS dBase software.

4. GDAL - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDAL

   The Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) is a computer software library for reading and writing raster and vector geospatial data formats (e.g. shapefile), and is released under the permissive X/MIT style free software license by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation.

5. Data model (GIS) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_(GIS)

   Some GIS software, such as ArcGIS Pro, natively supports this model, with functionality including animation. Time-stamped boundaries, using the topological vector data model to decompose polygons into boundary segments, and stamping each segment by the time during which it was valid. This method was pioneered by the Great Britain Historical GIS.

6. Comparison of GIS vector file formats - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GIS_vector...

   Legacy ArcGIS Workstation / ArcInfo format with reduced support in ArcGIS Desktop lineup. (by ESRI) Geography Markup Language (GML) – XML based open standard for GIS data exchange (by Open Geospatial Consortium) Simple Features – specification for vector data storage (by Open Geospatial Consortium) that can be used in a GML container

7. List of GIS data sources - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GIS_data_sources

   Government ArcGIS server addresses: Curated list of 3,500+ ArcGIS server addresses from federal to local. Updated once per week. Bad links fixed or flagged. NOAA Big Data Project: NOAA generates tens of terabytes of data a day from satellites, radars, ships, weather models, and other sources. While these data are publicly available, it is ...

8. ArcGIS - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcGIS

   ArcGIS Engine is an ArcGIS software engine, a developer product for creating custom GIS desktop applications. ArcGIS Engine provides application programming interfaces (APIs) for COM, .NET, Java, and C++ for the Windows, Linux, and Solaris platforms. The APIs include documentation and a series of high-level visual components to ease building ...

9. Geodatabase (Esri) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodatabase_(Esri)

   The origin of the geodatabase was in the mid-1990s during the emergence of the first spatial databases.One early approach to integrating relational databases and GIS was the use of server middleware, a third-party program that stores the spatial data in database tables in a custom format, and translates it dynamically into a logical model that can be understood by the client software.