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A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids [1] into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C, and D, which are distinguished by the type of reaction which they catalyze: Phospholipase A Phospholipase A 1 – cleaves the sn-1 acyl chain (where sn refers to stereospecific numbering).
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology , in particular signal transduction pathways.
Phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4, lipophosphodiesterase II, lecithinase D, choline phosphatase, PLD; systematic name phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase) is an anesthetic sensitive [1] and mechanosensitive [2] enzyme of the phospholipase superfamily that catalyses the following reaction a phosphatidylcholine + H 2 O = choline + a phosphatidate
This family consists of lysophospholipase / phospholipase B (EC 3.1.1.5) and cytosolic phospholipase A 2 which also has a C2 domain InterPro: IPR000008. Phospholipase B enzymes catalyse the release of fatty acids from lysophospholipids and are capable in vitro of hydrolyzing all phospholipids extractable from yeast cells. [ 1 ]
A number of these enzymes have specificity for phosphoinositides. Of the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C enzymes, C-beta is regulated by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, while the closely related C-gamma-1 (PLCG1; MIM 172420) and C-gamma-2 enzymes are controlled by receptor tyrosine kinases.
Phospholipase A 1 (EC 3.1.1.32; systematic name: phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase) encoded by the PLA 1 A gene is a phospholipase enzyme which removes the 1-acyl group: [1] phosphatidylcholine + H 2 O ⇌ 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate
The gene codes for the enzyme phospholipase C β2. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate . This reaction uses calcium as a cofactor and plays an important role in the intracellular transduction of many extracellular signals.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.50, GPI-PLD, glycoprotein phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D) is an enzyme with systematic name glycoprotein-phosphatidylinositol phosphatidohydrolase.