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The trunk consists of five main parts: The outer bark, inner bark , cambium, sapwood (live xylem), and heartwood (dead xylem). [2] From the outside of the tree working in: The first layer is the outer bark; this is the protective outermost layer of the trunk. Under this is the inner bark which is called the phloem. The phloem is how the tree ...
The wood anatomy includes the study of the structure of the bark, cork, xylem, phloem, vascular cambium, heartwood and sapwood and branch collar. The main topic is the anatomy of two distinct types of wood: Softwoods [7] Hardwoods [8]
Phloem; Vascular cambium; Wood Sapwood (alburnum) Heartwood (duramen) Pith (medulla) In young stems, which lack what is commonly called bark, the tissues are, from the outside to the inside: Epidermis, which may be replaced by periderm; Cortex; Primary and secondary phloem; Vascular cambium; Secondary and primary xylem.
Cross section of celery stalk, showing vascular bundles, which include both phloem and xylem Detail of the vasculature of a bramble leaf Translocation in vascular plants. Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem ...
Inside the phloem is a layer of undifferentiated cells one cell thick called the vascular cambium layer. The cells are continually dividing, creating phloem cells on the outside and wood cells known as xylem on the inside. [67] The newly created xylem is the sapwood. It is composed of water-conducting cells and associated cells which are often ...
Sapwood (or alburnum [15]) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, [16] and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. By the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids ...
The process of translocation within the phloem. Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by photosynthesis.
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem; both of these are part of the vascular bundle. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water upward from the roots to parts of the plants such as stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients .