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Financial market infrastructure refers to systems and entities involved in clearing, settlement, and the recording of payments, securities, derivatives, and other financial transactions. [1] Depending on context, financial market infrastructure may refer to the category in general, or to individual companies or entities (thus also used in ...
A financial market must identify operational risks: both internally and across the market and its participants. Where appropriate, they should mitigate the risks through controls. [1] Systems used by the market must have a high degree of reliability and security, and must have sufficient capacity for the needs of the market. [1]
Section 804 of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (DFA) provides the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) the authority to designate a financial market utility (FMU) that it determines is or is likely to become systemically important because the failure of or a disruption to the functioning of the FMU could create, or increase, the risk of significant ...
The scope of supervision is to supervise other supervisory bodies. Industry boards are typically oriented toward their own stakeholders, while the second-instance supervision takes a broader view of all stakeholders, including the public interest. Corporate governance varies between countries, especially regarding the board system.
Basel III requires banks to have a minimum CET1 ratio (Common Tier 1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets (RWAs)) at all times of: . 4.5%; Plus: A mandatory "capital conservation buffer" or "stress capital buffer requirement", equivalent to at least 2.5% of risk-weighted assets, but could be higher based on results from stress tests, as determined by national regulators.
Macroprudential regulation is the approach to financial regulation that aims to mitigate risk to the financial system as a whole (or "systemic risk"). After the 2007–2008 financial crisis, there has been a growing consensus among policymakers and economic researchers about the need to re-orient the regulatory framework towards a macroprudential perspective.
A central clearing counterparty (CCP), also referred to as a central counterparty, is a financial market infrastructure organization that takes on counterparty credit risk between parties to a transaction and provides clearing and settlement services for trades in foreign exchange, securities, options, and derivative contracts. CCPs are highly ...
In general, three types of financial supervisory architecture have been identified by scholars: a "sectoral" supervisory architecture (sometimes referred to as "institutional" or "functional"), in which different authorities are in charge of different sub-sectors of the financial system such as banking, insurance, and securities markets;