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Map showing Etruria and Etruscan colonies as of 750 BC and as expanded until 500 BC. Etruria (/ ɪ ˈ t r ʊər i ə / ih-TROOR-ee-ə) was a region of Central Italy delimited by the rivers Arno and Tiber, [1] an area that covered what is now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and north-western Umbria.
The Mars of Todi, an Etruscan bronze sculpture, c. 400 BC. According to legend, [97] there was a period between 600 BC and 500 BC in which an alliance was formed among twelve Etruscan settlements, known today as the Etruscan League, Etruscan Federation, or Dodecapolis (Ancient Greek: Δωδεκάπολις).
It is located in the plain along the Tiber Valley, at the foot of Mount Soracte, and was within the ancient territory of Capena. [2] It began as a sanctuary called Lucus Feroniae in the time of Tullus Hostilius (r.672–640 BC) when it was located in Etruria .
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The first Greek author to mention the Etruscans, whom the Ancient Greeks called Tyrrhenians, was the 8th-century BC poet Hesiod, in his work, the Theogony. He mentioned them as residing in central Italy alongside the Latins. [5] The 7th-century BC Homeric Hymn to Dionysus [6] referred to them as pirates. [7]
Alexander the Great of Macedon created one of the largest empires of the ancient world. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. This century marked the height of Classical Greek civilization in all of its aspects.
Etruscan cities were a group of ancient settlements that shared a common Etruscan language and culture, even though they were independent city-states. They flourished over a large part of the northern half of Italy starting from the Iron Age , and in some cases reached a substantial level of wealth and power.
Plan of Pyrgi Map of Etruria and operations in the wars of 389-386 BC Pyrgi Etruscan walls. Pyrgi (Pyrgus in Etruscan) was originally an ancient Etruscan town and port in Latium, central Italy, to the north-west of Caere. Its location is now occupied by the borough of Santa Severa. It is notable for the discovery here of the gold tablets, an ...