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DNF (abbreviation for Dandified YUM) [7] [8] [9] is a package manager for Red Hat-based Linux distributions and derivatives. DNF was introduced in Fedora 18 in 2013 as a replacement for yum; [10] it has been the default package manager since Fedora 22 in 2015 [11] and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 [when?] [12] and is also an alternative package manager for Mageia.
This was required due to Fedora's transition from Python 2 to Python 3, which is not supported by YUM. [10] DNF also improves on YUM in several ways - improved performance, better resolution of dependency conflicts, and easier integration with other software applications. [11] From RHEL 8, yum is an alias for DNF. [12]
MacPorts, formerly DarwinPorts, [4] is a package manager for macOS and Darwin.It is an open-source software project that aims to simplify the installation of other open source software. [5]
pip (also known by Python 3's alias pip3) is a package-management system written in Python and is used to install and manage software packages. [4] The Python Software Foundation recommends using pip for installing Python applications and its dependencies during deployment. [5]
sudo retains the user's invocation rights through a grace period (typically 5 minutes) per pseudo terminal, allowing the user to execute several successive commands as the requested user without having to provide a password again. [21] As a security and auditing feature, sudo may be configured to log each command run.
Porthole graphical frontend. Portage is similar to the BSD-style package management known as ports, and was originally designed with FreeBSD's ports in mind. [8] Portage is written in the Python programming language, and is the main utility that defines Gentoo.
It is possible to install Linux onto most of these file systems. The ext file systems, namely ext2, ext3, and ext4 are based on the original Linux file system. File systems have been developed by companies to meet their specific needs, by hobbyists, or adapted from Unix, Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems.
Qubes OS is a security-focused desktop operating system that aims to provide security through isolation. [5] Isolation is provided through the use of virtualization technology.