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These include ethos, pathos, and logos, all three of which appear in Aristotle's Rhetoric. [1] Together with those three modes of persuasion, there is also a fourth term, kairos ( Ancient Greek : καιρός), which is related to the “moment” that the speech is going to be held. [ 2 ]
While Books I and II are more systematic and address ethos, logos, and pathos, Book III is often considered a conglomeration of Greek stylistic devices on rhetoric. However, Book III contains informative material on lexis (style) which refers to the "way of saying" [ 1 ] : III.1–12 and taxis , which refers to the arrangement of words. [ 1 ] :
The original version includes only three points: the writer/speaker (ethos), the audience (pathos), and the message itself (logos). All the points affect one another, so mastering each creates a persuasive rhetorical stance. [9] The rhetorical tetrahedron carries those three points along with context. Context can help explain the "why" and "how ...
Aristotle also identified three persuasive audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric , or phases of developing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome: invention , arrangement , style , memory , and delivery .
Examples are the satiric mode, the ironic, the comic, the pastoral, and the didactic. [ 2 ] Frederick Crews uses the term to mean a type of essay and categorizes essays as falling into four types, corresponding to four basic functions of prose: narration , or telling; description , or picturing; exposition , or explaining; and argument , or ...
Pathos is a term most often used in rhetoric (in which it is considered one of the three modes of persuasion, alongside ethos and logos), as well as in literature, film and other narrative art. Methods
Hermeneutics – the theoretical underpinnings of interpreting texts, usually religious or literary. Heteroglossia – the use of a variety of voices or styles within one literary work or context. Homeoteleuton – a figure of speech where adjacent or parallel words have similar endings inside a verse, a sentence. Authors often use it to evoke ...
Logos, appeals to logic and reason, evidence and support; Ethos, appeals to ethics, the speaker's credibility, trustworthiness, and morals; Pathos, appeals to emotion, connecting with audience through shared feelings; Kairos, appeals to timing, presenting key information at the best moment, typically to persuade or to provoke action