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One way to visualize the similarity between two protein or nucleic acid sequences is to use a similarity matrix, known as a dot plot. These were introduced by Gibbs and McIntyre in 1970 [1] and are two-dimensional matrices that have the sequences of the proteins being compared along the vertical and horizontal axes.
Left: The dot-and-cross diagram of the LDQ structure of ozone (O 3). The nuclei are as indicated and the electrons are denoted by either dots or crosses, depending on their relative spins. Right: Simplified diagram of the LDQ structure of O 3, showing electrons in non-coincident pairs using thin lines and a coincident electron pair using a ...
In molecular biology and genetics, DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of describing the structure and function of the components of a genome, [2] by analyzing and interpreting them in order to extract their biological significance and understand the biological processes in which they participate. [3]
[1] [2] [3] Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, a Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. [4] Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.
There are two distinctive mapping approaches used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps (also known as linkage maps) [7] and physical maps. [3] While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, [8] genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physical maps use actual physical distances usually measured in number of base pairs.
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P = Promoter DNA element. The hereditary material i.e. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an organism is composed of a sequence of four nucleotides in a specific pattern, which encodes information as a function of their order. Genomic organization refers to the linear order of DNA elements and their division into chromosomes.
The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. [3] [4] [5] Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process ...