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On the other hand, rays rely on their enlarged pectoral fins for propulsion. Similarly enlarged pectoral fins can be found in the extinct †Petalodontiformes (e.g. †Belantsea, †Janassa, †Menaspis), which belong to Holocephali (ratfish and their fossil relatives), or in †Aquilolamna (Selachimorpha) and †Squatinactis (Squatinactiformes).
Fins are also used to increase surface areas for heat transfer purposes, or simply as ornamentation. [2] [3] Fins first evolved on fish as a means of locomotion. Fish fins are used to generate thrust and control the subsequent motion. Fish and other aquatic animals, such as cetaceans, actively propel and steer themselves with pectoral and tail ...
A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the creation of the dynamic lifting force that assists some fish such as sharks in maintaining depth and also enables the "flight" for flying fish. Certain rays of the pectoral fins may be adapted into finger-like projections, such as in sea robins and flying gurnards.
The bones to which the pectoral fin is attached. peduncle Usually referred to as the caudal peduncle, the region of the body between the end of the anal fin and the base of the caudal fin. pelagic Living on or in the open seas. pelvic girdle The bones to which the ventral fins are attached. pelvic fins Paired fins behind or below the pectoral fins.
The caudal fin, which connects directly to the dorsal fin, is the fish's primary means of propulsion. Although not a particularly fast species, P. bichir lapradei is capable of achieving quick bursts in pursuit of its prey (usually by folding all of its fins tightly against its body, and vigorously thrusting its caudal fin).
The pectoral fins of a mobuliform swimming ray experience a spanwise dorsoventral deformation that is highest at the tip and a chord-wise traveling wave. [3] Kinematically mobuliform swimming consists of low frequency, high amplitude fin flapping with less than one waveform present on the fin at a time.
The pectoral fins are large, but not clearly demarcated from the body, and together with the body are known as the disc. They start from the side of the head in front of the gill openings and end at the caudal peduncle. There are up to two dorsal fins but no anal fin. A slender tail is clearly demarcated from the disc.
Centropyge flavipectoralis is largely brown in colour marked on the flanks with metallic blue stripes. The pectoral fin is yellow. [2] The dorsal fin contains 14–15 spines and 14–15 soft rays while the anal fin has three spines and 16–18 soft rays.