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Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as extreme weather upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood management methods can be either of the structural type (i.e. flood control) and of the non-structural type. Structural methods hold back floodwaters physically, while non-structural methods do not.
Example graph of stream stages showing Action Stage, Flood Stage, Moderate Stage, Major Stage, and Record Stage on a river.. Flood stage is the water level, as read by a stream gauge or tide gauge, for a body of water at a particular location, measured from the level at which a body of water threatens lives, property, commerce, or travel. [1]
Flood mitigation is a related but separate concept describing a broader set of strategies taken to reduce flood risk and potential impact while improving resilience against flood events. As climate change has led to increased flood risk an intensity, flood management is an important part of climate change adaptation and climate resilience .
There are several types of urban flooding, each with a different cause: Pluvial (flooding caused by heavy rain), Fluvial (caused by a nearby river overflowing its banks), and; Coastal flooding (often caused by storm surges). Different types of urban flooding create different impacts and require different mitigation strategies. [citation needed]
The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and it was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. [20]
A storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level, and does not include waves.
The range of a coastal flooding is a result of the elevation of floodwater that penetrates the inland which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding. [1] [2] The seawater can flood the land via several different paths: direct flooding, overtopping or breaching of a barrier. [3] Coastal flooding is largely a ...
As little as 2 feet (0.61 m) of water is enough to carry away most SUV-sized vehicles. [5] The U.S. National Weather Service reported in 2005 that, using a national 30-year average, more people die yearly in floods, 127 on average, than by lightning (73), tornadoes (65), or hurricanes (16). [6] Flash flood running into a canyon in the Negev, Israel