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Phospholipase cleavage sites. An enzyme that displays both PLA 1 and PLA 2 activities is called a phospholipase B. A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids [1] into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C, and D, which are distinguished by the type of reaction which they catalyze:
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology , in particular signal transduction pathways.
The activity of phospholipase D is extensively regulated by hormones, neurotransmitters, lipids, small monomeric GTPases, and other small molecules that bind to their corresponding domains on the enzyme. [6] In most cases, signal transduction is mediated through production of phosphatidic acid, which functions as a secondary messenger. [6]
Increase in phospholipase A 2 activity is an acute-phase reaction that rises during inflammation, which is also seen to be exponentially higher in low back disc herniations compared to rheumatoid arthritis. [citation needed] It is a mixture of inflammation and substance P that are responsible for pain. [citation needed]
Phospholipase B, also known as lysophospholipase, is an enzyme with a combination of both PLA 1 and PLA 2 activities; that is, it can cleave acyl chains from both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of a phospholipid. In general, it acts on lysolecithin (which is formed by the action of PLA 2 on lecithin). Phospholipase cleavage sites.
Phospholipase A 1 (EC 3.1.1.32; systematic name: phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase) encoded by the PLA 1 A gene is a phospholipase enzyme which removes the 1-acyl group: [1] phosphatidylcholine + H 2 O ⇌ 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2) also known as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a phospholipase A 2 enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G7 gene. [5] [6] Lp-PLA 2 is a 45-kDa protein of 441 amino acids. [7] It is one of several PAF acetylhydrolases.
This family consists of lysophospholipase / phospholipase B (EC 3.1.1.5) and cytosolic phospholipase A 2 which also has a C2 domain InterPro: IPR000008. Phospholipase B enzymes catalyse the release of fatty acids from lysophospholipids and are capable in vitro of hydrolyzing all phospholipids extractable from yeast cells. [ 1 ]