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In 1994, the state of California recognized the Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe (Spanish: Tribu de Gabrieleño-Tongva) [94] and the Fernandino-Tongva Tribe (Spanish: Tribu de Fernandeño-Tongva), [95] but neither has gained federal recognition. In 2013, it was reported that the four Tongva groups that have applied for federal recognition had over 3,900 ...
The Luiseño or Payómkawichum are an Indigenous people of California who, at the time of the first contacts with the Spanish in the 16th century, inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging 50 miles (80 km) from the present-day southern part of Los Angeles County to the northern part of San Diego County, and inland 30 miles (48 km).
Spanish is the state's second most spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area, San Bernardino, Riverside, [6] the California-Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial (largest percentage in all of CA), and the San Joaquin Valley.
In the United States, 372,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2010 census. [5] In Canada, 133,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2011 census. [6] In Greenland, about 90% of the population speaks Greenlandic, the most widely spoken Eskaleut language.
The few non-Native American people living in California had almost nothing to trade—the missions and pueblos were subsidized by the Spanish government. The occasional Spanish ships that did show up were usually requested by Californios and had Royal permission to go to California—bureaucracy in action.
Spanish was the official administrative language of California through the Spanish and Mexican eras, until 1848. Following the U.S. Conquest of California and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the U.S Government initially guaranteed the rights of the Spanish-speaking citizens in the Mexican Cession.
A map of California tribal groups and languages at the time of European contact. The Indigenous peoples of California are the Indigenous inhabitants who have previously lived or currently live within the current boundaries of California before and after the arrival of Europeans.
The similar California Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act is an act that requires all state agencies and museums that receive state funding and that have possession or control over collections of humans remains or cultural items to provide a process for identification and repatriates of these items to appropriate tribes. [75]