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C11 mainly standardizes features already supported by common contemporary compilers, and includes a detailed memory model to better support multiple threads of execution. Due to delayed availability of conforming C99 implementations, C11 makes certain features optional, to make it easier to comply with the core language standard.
C99 and C11 added several additional features to C that have not been incorporated into standard C++ as of C++20, such as complex numbers, variable length arrays (complex numbers and variable length arrays are designated as optional extensions in C11), flexible array members, the restrict keyword, array parameter qualifiers, and compound literals.
C99 (previously C9X, formally ISO/IEC 9899:1999) is a past version of the C programming language open standard. [1] It extends the previous version ( C90 ) with new features for the language and the standard library , and helps implementations make better use of available computer hardware, such as IEEE 754-1985 floating-point arithmetic , and ...
C99 also added complex types: float _Complex, double _Complex, long double _Complex. C11 added imaginary types (which were described in an informative annex of C99): float _Imaginary, double _Imaginary, long double _Imaginary. Including the header <complex.h> allows all these types to be accessed with using complex and imaginary respectively.
The C11 standard adds numerous new features to C and the library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved Unicode support, atomic operations, multi-threading, and bounds-checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C99 library optional, and improves compatibility with C++.
GCC and Clang are two major C compilers popular today, both based on the C11 with updates including changes from later specifications such as C17. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Any source code written only in standard C and without any hardware dependent assumptions is virtually guaranteed to compile correctly on any platform with a conforming C implementation.
As of 2014 and C11, there are four type qualifiers in standard C: const , volatile , restrict and _Atomic – the latter has a private name to avoid clashing with user-defined names. [3] The first two of these, const and volatile , are also present in C++, and are the only type qualifiers in C++.
C17, formally ISO/IEC 9899:2018, [1] is an open standard for the C programming language, prepared in 2017 and published in July 2018. It replaced C11 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:2011), [2] and is superseded by C23 (ISO/IEC 9899:2024) since October 2024. [3]
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