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In mathematics, particularly in combinatorial group theory, a normal form for a free group over a set of generators or for a free product of groups is a representation of an element by a simpler element, the element being either in the free group or free products of group. In case of free group these simpler elements are reduced words and in ...
Functional leadership theory (Hackman & Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leader's main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done ...
Membership negotiation links an organization to its members by establishing and maintaining relationships. Practices in membership negotiation include job recruitment and socialization. [ 8 ] In recruitment, potential members are evaluated, both parties must agree to a relationship, and the member must be incorporated into the structure of the ...
Bona fide group theory is a theoretical perspective of communication in small groups that was initially developed by Linda Putnam and Cynthia Stohl in the 1990s. [1] Intended to provide communication theorists with a valid model of small groups on which to conduct research, this perspective focuses on the principles of communication that take place within naturally formed social groups. [2]
This theory explores roles, such as one's occupation, or group membership, such as musician. Organizational identity was famously defined by Albert and Whetten as the "central, distinctive and enduring characteristic of an organization," [29] and consisted of three principal components: ideational, definitional and phenomenological. [30]
[Merton] developed a theory of the reference group (i.e., the group to which individuals compare themselves, which is not necessarily a group to which those individuals belong), and elaborated on the concepts of in-group and out-group. For any group of people there are always other groups whom they look upon to and aspire to be like them. [11]
This theory of management was a product of the strong opposition against "the Scientific and universal management process theory of Taylor and Fayol." [12] This theory was a response to the way employees were treated in companies and how they were deprived of their needs and ambitions.
The above explained theory of collective action gives some important issues which have to be minded in operating an IOS in order to reduce free-riding and optimize the group's behavior: Efficiency of the group: Olson mentioned several observations made in practice concerning the optimal size of groups.