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chattr, the command used to change the attributes of a file or directory on Linux systems; chown, the command used to change the owner of a file or directory on Unix-like systems; chgrp, the command used to change the group of a file or directory on Unix-like systems; cacls, a command used on Windows NT and its derivatives to modify the access ...
The read permission grants the ability to read a file. When set for a directory, this permission grants the ability to read the names of files in the directory, but not to find out any further information about them such as contents, file type, size, ownership, permissions. The write permission grants the ability to modify a file. When set for ...
Early Unix filesystems were referred to simply as FS.FS only included the boot block, superblock, a clump of inodes, and the data blocks.This worked well for the small disks early Unixes were designed for, but as technology advanced and disks grew larger, moving the head back and forth between the clump of inodes and the data blocks they referred to caused thrashing.
The filesystem appears as one rooted tree of directories. [1] Instead of addressing separate volumes such as disk partitions, removable media, and network shares as separate trees (as done in DOS and Windows: each drive has a drive letter that denotes the root of its file system tree), such volumes can be mounted on a directory, causing the volume's file system tree to appear as that directory ...
In DOS systems, file directory entries include a Hidden file attribute which is manipulated using the attrib command. Using the command line command dir /ah displays the files with the Hidden attribute. In addition, there is a System file attribute that can be set on a file, which also causes the file to be hidden in directory listings.
The most common special file is the directory. The layout of a directory file is defined by the filesystem used. As several filesystems are available under Unix, both native and non-native, there is no one directory file layout. A directory is marked with a d as the first letter in the mode field in the output of ls -dl [5] or stat, e.g.
source is a shell-builtin command that evaluates the file following the command, as a list of commands, executed in the current context. [6] Frequently the "current context" is a terminal window into which the user is typing commands during an interactive session. The source command can be abbreviated as just a dot (.
Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy. /bin: Essential command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode, including to bring up the system or repair it, [3] for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp). /boot: Boot loader files (e.g., kernels, initrd). /dev