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2. Bacterial transcription - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription

   Overall, transcription within bacteria is a highly regulated process that is controlled by the integration of many signals at a given time. Bacteria heavily rely on transcription and translation to generate proteins that help them respond specifically to their environment. [4]

3. Transcription-translation coupling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription-translation...

   Translation promotes transcription elongation and regulates transcription termination. Functional coupling between transcription and translation is caused by direct physical interactions between the ribosome and RNA polymerase ("expressome complex"), ribosome-dependent changes to nascent mRNA secondary structure which affect RNA polymerase activity (e.g. "attenuation"), and ribosome-dependent ...

4. Translation (biology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)

   The transcription-translation process description, mentioning only the most basic "elementary" processes, consists of: production of mRNA molecules (including splicing), initiation of these molecules with help of initiation factors (e.g., the initiation can include the circularization step though it is not universally required),

5. Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

   Protein synthesis can be divided broadly into two phases: transcription and translation. During transcription, a section of DNA encoding a protein, known as a gene, is converted into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). This conversion is carried out by enzymes, known as RNA polymerases, in the nucleus of the cell. [2]

6. Bacterial translation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_translation

   Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2 ...

7. Messenger RNA - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA

   Polyadenylation is also important for transcription termination, export of the mRNA from the nucleus, and translation. mRNA can also be polyadenylated in prokaryotic organisms, where poly(A) tails act to facilitate, rather than impede, exonucleolytic degradation. [citation needed]

8. Eukaryotic transcription - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription

   A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structures. The complexity of the eukaryotic genome necessitates a great variety and complexity of gene expression control. Eukaryotic ...

9. Transcription (biology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)

   The process of transcription is a major source of DNA damage, due to the formation of single-strand DNA intermediates that are vulnerable to damage. [53] The regulation of transcription by processes using base excision repair and/or topoisomerases to cut and remodel the genome also increases the vulnerability of DNA to damage. [53]