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The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient Buddhist Saka kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern-day Xinjiang, China). The ancient capital was originally sited to the west of modern-day Hotan at Yotkan.
Cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal, also known as "The Golden Warrior", from the Issyk kurgan, a historical burial site near Almaty, Kazakhstan. Circa 400–200 BC. [5] [6] The Saka [a] were a group of nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples who lived in the Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin from the 9th century BC to the 5th century AD.
The basic map would simply require the code {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}, but the code for the same map with an alignement to the right, with a different caption, with an added rectangle for "YUEZHI" and a geo-located dot for the city of Ai-Khanoum, with a specially-made map overlay showing Xiongnu territory (), and without a border, looks like:
[23] [24] Relations with China factored heavily in the war. In 970, after the Khotanese capture of Kashgar, an elephant was sent as tribute by Khotan to Song dynasty China. [25] After the Qara Khanid Turkic Muslims defeated the Khotanese under Yusuf Qadir Khan at or before 1006, China received a tribute mission in 1009 from the Muslims. [26]
As it was on the Northern Silk Road, Shule traded mostly through the Yumen Pass [18] and the Pamir Mountains. [19]The capital of the Shule Kingdom, Kashgar, is marked. The Northern Silk Road that passed through Kashgar split off into the northern Tarim Basin route which ran from Kashgar over Aksu, Kucha, Korla, through the Iron Gate Pass, over Karasahr, Jiaohe, Turpan, Gaochang and Kumul to Anxi.
Chinese sources name the Scythian Sai (Saka), and the Yuezhi who are often identified as Tocharians, among the people of the Wusun state in the Zhetysu and Dzungaria area. [29] The Wusun realm probably included both Yuezhi and Saka. [1] It is clear that the majority of the population consisted of linguistically Iranian Saka tribes. [1]
Like the Scythians whom Herodotus describes in book four of his History (Saka is an Iranian word equivalent to the Greek Scythes, and many scholars refer to them together as Saka-Scythian), Sakas were Iranian-speaking horse nomads who deployed chariots in battle, sacrificed horses, and buried their dead in barrows or mound tombs called kurgans ...
The Siberian Collection of Peter the Great is a series of Saka Animal art gold artifacts that were discovered in Southern Siberia, from funeral kurgan tumuli, [6] in mostly unrecorded locations in the area between modern Kazakhstan and the Altai Mountains. [7] [8] The objects are generally dated to the 6th to the 1st centuries BCE. [7] [9]