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Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
In civil engineering, concrete leveling is a procedure that attempts to correct an uneven concrete surface by altering the foundation that the surface sits upon. It is a cheaper alternative to having replacement concrete poured and is commonly performed at small businesses and private homes as well as at factories, warehouses, airports and on roads, highways and other infrastructure.
l = slope length α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A ...
Graded systems, used in sloping land for crops other than rice. The bedded and graded systems may have ridges and furrows. The checked surface drainage systems consist of check gates placed in the embankments surrounding flat basins, such as those used for rice fields in flat lands.
A level architectural deck may be intended for use by people, e.g., what in the UK is usually called a decked patio. "Roof deck" refers to the flat layer of construction materials to which the weather impervious layers are attached to a form a roof, and they may be either level (for a "flat" rooftop) or sloped.
Escarpment – Steep slope or cliff separating two relatively level regions (scarp) Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers; Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water; Exhumed river channel – Ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away
Terracing is also used for sloping terrain; the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may have been built on an artificial mountain with stepped terraces, such as those on a ziggurat. [ citation needed ] At the seaside Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum , the villa gardens of Julius Caesar 's father-in-law were designed in terraces to give pleasant and ...
Soil nails were used to stabilize an 18 metres (59 ft) high slope consisting of sandy soil. This method proved to be more cost-effective, while at the same time cut down the construction time when compared to other conventional support methods. [4]: 23 Germany was the next country to investigate soil nailing.