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The method detects by precipitation: when a soluble antigen (Ag) is brought in contact with the corresponding antibody, precipitation occurs, which may be visible with the naked eye or microscope. [citation needed] Immunofixation first separates antibodies in a mixture as a function of their specific electrophoretic mobility. For the purpose of ...
Hypergammaglobulinemia is a condition that is characterized by the increased levels of a certain immunoglobulin in the blood serum. [1] The name of the disorder refers to an excess of proteins after serum protein electrophoresis (found in the gammaglobulin region).
The most common antibody isotype involved in warm antibody AIHA is IgG, though sometimes IgA is found. The IgG antibodies attach to a red blood cell, leaving their F C portion exposed with maximal reactivity at 37 °C (versus cold antibody induced hemolytic anemia whose antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures, typically 28–31 °C).
However, studies revealed the existence of a few cases of WAIHA that may also carry cold agglutinin antibodies that are active at the environment where the temperatures is generally equal to or warmer than 30 °C (86 °F). Such coexistence suggests a diagnosis of the mixed (warm- and cold-antibody) autoimmune hemolytic anemia abbreviated as MAIHA.
Serum protein electrophoresis or immunofixation is positive in 67-100% of cases, while urine protein electrophoresis or immunofixation is positive in 50-100% of cases. [2] Serum free light chain measurement is positive in 100% of cases, evidence that the underlying monoclonal plasma cells secrete free light chains as well as heavy chains.
It is characterized by having high levels of a circulating antibody, immunoglobulin M (IgM), which is made and secreted by the cells involved in the disease. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is an "indolent lymphoma" (i.e., one that tends to grow and spread slowly) and a type of lymphoproliferative disease which shares clinical characteristics ...
The target antigens for these antibodies are not easy to find because it requires to isolate a single kind of protein in each band, though new techniques are able to do so. [9] In 40% of MS patients with OCBs, antibodies specific to the viruses HHV-6 and EBV have been found. [10] HHV-6 specific OCBs have also been found in other demyelinating ...
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) or Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia (DLHA) is an autoimmune hemolytic anemia featured by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis after cold exposure. [1] It can present as an acute non-recurrent postinfectious event in children, or chronic relapsing episodes in adults with hematological malignancies ...