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Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains (+)-limonene (d-limonene), which is the -enantiomer. [1] (+)-Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.
A 2013 study found that "Based on adverse effects and risk assessments, d-limonene may be regarded as a safe ingredient. However, the potential occurrence of skin irritation necessitates regulation of this chemical as an ingredient in cosmetics."
Orange oil, particularly its primary component d-limonene, is registered with the EPA as an active ingredient in products for the extermination of drywood termites, Formosan termites, and other structural pests. [8] It is a common alternative to traditional fumigation methods due to its lower toxicity and the convenience of local chemical ...
Those who perform floor and other surface cleaning tasks (e.g., floor waxing) and who use quaternary ammonium, alcohol, and chlorine-based products are associated with a higher VOC exposure than the two previous groups, that is, they are particularly linked to exposure to acetone, chloroform, α-pinene, 2-propanol or d-limonene. [75]
Carvone may be synthetically prepared from limonene by first treating limonene nitrosyl chloride. Heating this nitroso compound gives carvoxime. Treating carvoxime with oxalic acid yields carvone. [14] This procedure affords R-(−)-carvone from R-(+)-limonene. The major use of d-limonene is as a precursor to S-(+)-carvone. The large scale ...
D-Limonene, a terpene. Solvents in a diverse class of natural substances called terpenes are obtained by extraction from certain parts of plants. All terpenes are structurally presented as multiples of isoprene with the gross formula (C 5 H 8) n. D-limonene, a monoterpene, is one of the best known solvents in this class, as is turpentine.
Perillyl alcohol and its precursor limonene are naturally occurring monocyclic terpenes derived from the mevalonate pathway in plants. Perillyl alcohol can be found in the essential oils of various plants, such as lavender, lemongrass, sage, and peppermint. [1] It has a number of manufacturing, household, and medical applications.
IARC group 3 substances, chemical mixtures and exposure circumstances are those that can not be classified in regard to their carcinogenicity to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).