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The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 established a timetable and procedure for constructing a permanent, underground repository for high-level radioactive waste by the mid-1990s, and provided for some temporary storage of waste, including spent fuel from 104 civilian nuclear reactors that produce about 19.4% of electricity there. [38]
The advanced reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel is a potential key to achieve a sustainable nuclear fuel cycle and to tackle the heavy burden of nuclear waste management. In particular, the development of such advanced reprocessing systems may save natural resources, reduce waste inventory and enhance the public acceptance of nuclear energy.
Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use. Reactors pose a nuclear proliferation risk as they can be configured to produce plutonium and tritium for nuclear weapons. Spent fuel can be reprocessed, reducing nuclear waste and recovering some reactor-usable MOX fuel. Reprocessing is used in Europe and Asia, but due ...
A report by the German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (BASE) considering 136 different historical and current reactors and SMR concepts stated: "Overall, SMRs could potentially achieve safety advantages compared to power plants with a larger power output, as they have a lower radioactive inventory per reactor and aim ...
One SFR reactor concept is cooled by liquid sodium and fueled by a metallic alloy of uranium and plutonium or spent nuclear fuel, the nuclear waste of light water reactors. The SFR fuel is contained in steel cladding. Liquid sodium fills the space between the clad elements that make up the fuel assembly.
At full production, the vitrification plant’s Low Activity Waste Facility should be processing about 5,300 gallons of waste per day or producing about 23 tons of glass per day, filling 3.5 ...
Holtec International in 2017 applied for a license to construct and operate a facility designed to temporarily store more than 100,000 metric tons of used nuclear fuel rods taken from private ...
The first large-scale nuclear reactors were built during World War II. These reactors were designed for the production of plutonium for use in nuclear weapons. The only reprocessing required, therefore, was the extraction of the plutonium (free of fission-product contamination) from the spent natural uranium fuel. In 1943, several methods were ...