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Dora Nellie Richardson (1919-1998) was an organic chemist who first synthesised Tamoxifen in England in 1962. [1] She was born on 1 June 1919 and died in September 1998 in England. [2] Richardson decided to become a chemist after seeing people working in hospital laboratories while visiting her grandmother in hospital in London.
Tamoxifen, sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used to prevent breast cancer in women and men. [13] It is also being studied for other types of cancer. [13] It has been used for Albright syndrome. [14] Tamoxifen is typically taken daily by mouth for five years for breast cancer. [14]
Tamoxifen is a pure antiestrogenic trans-isomer and has differential actions at estrogen target tissues throughout the body. Tamoxifen is selectively antiestrogenic in the breast but estrogen-like in bones and endometrial cancer. [24] Tamoxifen undergo phase I metabolism in the liver by microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.
Sivifene (A-007) was initially thought to be a SERM due to its structural similarity to tamoxifen but it was subsequently found not to bind to the estrogen receptor (ER). [8] Tesmilifene (DPPE; YMB-1002, BMS-217380-01) is also structurally related to tamoxifen but similarly does not bind to the ER and is not a SERM. [9] [10]
Great question that points to a weakness in this article. Tamoxifen's mechanism of action in breast cancer is as a estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist (especially through the ER-alpha isoform). In addition, breast cancers may become resistant to tamoxifen through mutations of the ER which convert tamoxifen from an antagonist into an agonist.
The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) is a clinical trial from the early 2000s designed determine how the drug raloxifene compares with the drug tamoxifen in reducing the incidence of breast cancer in women who are at increased risk of the disease.
N,N-Desmethyltamoxifen is a metabolite of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). [1] It is formed from N-desmethyltamoxifen and is an intermediate in the conversion of tamoxifen and N-desmethyltamoxifen into norendoxifen (4-hydroxy-N,N-desmethyltamoxifen), an active metabolite of tamoxifen. [1]
The first, Not at Night (Selwyn and Blount, 1925), lent its name to the whole series, which ran eleven volumes, finishing with Nightmare by Daylight (1935) and The "Not at Night" Omnibus (1937). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In all, there were 170 stories and, according to noted fantasy bibliographer Mike Ashley , exactly 100 of these came from the legendary ...
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