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The subsequent London Protocol (1830), however, returned the land border to the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line. The Treaty of Constantinople (1832), confirmed at the London Conference of 1832 establishing the new land border of the Kingdom of Greece finally on the Arta–Volos line. [1]
The border had been proposed by the Great Powers in the London Protocol of 1829 as the northern boundary of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, but when the full independence of Greece was agreed on in the London Protocol of 1830, the borders of the new state were reduced to the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line, only to be again ...
The island of Euboea (Negroponte), the Northern Sporades, Skyros, and the Cyclades including the island of Amorgos would become part of Greece. [ 1 ] It was replaced in the Treaty of Constantinople (1832) by the Ambracian Gulf – Pagasetic Gulf line (or Arta–Volos line ), which had already been envisaged in the London Protocol (1829) as the ...
In the city of Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey), which until 1922 was a mostly Greek city, Ottoman soldiers drawn from the interior of Anatolia on their way to fight in either Greece or Moldavia/Wallachia, staged a pogrom in June 1821 against the Greeks, leading Gordon to write: "3,000 ruffians assailed the Greek quarter, plundered the houses and ...
Greece suffered comparatively much more than most Western European countries during the Second World War due to a number of factors. Heavy resistance led to immense German reprisals against civilians. Greece was also dependent on food imports, and a British naval blockade coupled with transfers of agricultural produce to Germany resulted in famine.
Ioannis Kapodistrias. On his arrival, Kapodistrias launched a major reform and modernisation programme that covered all areas. He re-established military unity by bringing an end to the second phase of the civil war; re-organised the military, which was then able to reconquer territory lost to the Ottoman military during the civil wars; and introduced the first modern quarantine system in ...
The history of Greece encompasses the history of the territory of the modern nation-state of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically. The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied throughout the ages and as a result, the history of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes.
On 27 March / 8 April 1830, ambassadors from Russia, Britain and France notified Greece and the Ottoman Empire of the protocol. [19] The Sultan accepted the independence of Greece. Ioannis Kapodistrias , who had once been the Foreign Minister of Russia and was now the first governor of Greece [ 28 ] agreed with the condition that Turks evacuate ...