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The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb incumbere, literally meaning "to lean or lay upon" with the present participle stem incumbent-, "leaning a variant of encumber, [1] while encumber is derived from the root cumber, [2] most appropriately defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to block fill up with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load."
Anti-incumbency is sentiment in favor of voting out incumbent politicians, for the specific reason of being incumbent politicians. It is sometimes referred to as a "throw the bums out" sentiment. Periods of anti-incumbent sentiment are typically characterized by wave elections. [1] This sentiment can also lead to support for term limits.
The incumbent's official title might be that of rector, vicar, "curate-in-charge" or "perpetual curate". [4] The difference between these titles is now largely historical. Originally, an incumbent was either a rector who received all the tithes or a vicar who received only the small tithes (see Impropriation).
Midterm elections are regarded as a referendum on the sitting president's and/or incumbent party's performance. [7] [8] The party of the incumbent president tends to lose ground during midterm elections: [9] since World War II, the president's party has lost an average of 26 seats in the House, and an average of four seats in the Senate.
Congressional stagnation is an American political theory that attempts to explain the high rate of incumbency re-election to the United States House of Representatives.In recent years this rate has been well over 90 per cent, with rarely more than 5–10 incumbents losing their House seats every election cycle.
A high correlation between election and incumbency has been demonstrated in congressional races. The success rate of incumbent members of the U.S. House of Representatives seeking re-election averaged 93.5 percent during the 1960s and 1970s. [1] Statistically, the initial edge for the incumbent candidate is 2-4 percent of the vote. [2]
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Incumbency is a researched and debated topic in political science.However, research on appointed U.S. senators and the incumbency advantage is less voluminous. In this research, the relationship between the number of months served as an appointed U.S. senator and the percentage of the vote the appointed senator receives in their initial election is studied.