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English: Australian: red [ɹ̠ʷed] 'red' Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed r . See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/. Most American dialects [20] [ɹ̠ʷɛd] ⓘ Received Pronunciation: Igbo [21] rí ...
R-labialization, which should not be confused with the rounding of initial /r/ described above, is a process occurring in certain dialects of English, particularly some varieties of Cockney, in which the /r/ phoneme is realized as a labiodental approximant [ʋ], in contrast to an alveolar approximant [ɹ].
Rhotacism (/ ˈ r oʊ t ə s ɪ z əm / ROH-tə-siz-əm) [1] or rhotacization is a sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant: /z/, /d/, /l/, or /n/) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment.
Quite often, r is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because r is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
The loss of postvocalic /r/ in the British prestige standard in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries influenced the American port cities with close connections to Britain, which caused upper-class pronunciation to become non-rhotic in many Eastern and Southern port cities such as New York City, Boston, Alexandria, Charleston, and Savannah. [9]
Rhotacism is a difficulty producing rhotic consonants sounds in the respective language's standard pronunciation. [2] [5] In Czech there is a specific type of rhotacism called rotacismus bohemicus which is an inability to pronounce the specific sound ř /r̝/. [6] Sigmatism is a difficulty of producing /s/, /z/ and similar sounds. [2]
The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɽ , a letter r with tail, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r` .
When an /r/ sound occurs before another in the middle of a word in rhotic dialects of English, the first tends to drop out, as in "beserk" for berserk, "suprise" for surprise, "paticular" for particular, and "govenor" for governor [1] – this does not affect the pronunciation of government, which has only one /r/, but English government tends to be pronounced "goverment", dropping out the ...