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An endospore stain of the cell Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red Phase-bright endospores of Paenibacillus alvei imaged with phase-contrast microscopy An endospore is a dormant , tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Bacillota .
Endospores can last for decades in multiple hard conditions, such as drying and freezing. This is because the DNA inside the endospore can survive over a long period. Most bacteria are unable to form endospores due to their high resistance, but some common species are the genera Bacillus ( over 100 species) and Clostridium (over 160 species). [2]
Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium, rod-shaped and catalase-positive. It was originally named Vibrio subtilis by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, [9] and renamed Bacillus subtilis by Ferdinand Cohn in 1872 [10] (subtilis being the Latin for "fine, thin, slender").
A stained preparation of Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red. The Schaeffer–Fulton stain is a technique designed to isolate endospores by staining any present endospores green, and any other bacterial bodies red. [1]
Fig1. The sporulation process of Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that is naturally found in soil and vegetation, and is known for its ability to form a small, tough, protective and metabolically dormant endospore.
Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative anaerobes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Cultured Bacillus species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present. [1] Bacillus can reduce themselves to oval endospores and can
The cell wall of some Gram-positive bacteria can be completely dissolved by lysozymes which attack the bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. In other Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, the walls are resistant to the action of lysozymes. [4] They have O-acetyl groups on carbon-6 of some muramic acid ...
Bacillus nealsonii is a species of bacteria first isolated from a spacecraft-assembly facility. Its spores are γ-radiation resistant. It is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and produces endospores. Its type strain is FO-92 T (=ATCC BAA-519 T =DSM 15077 T). [1]