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Tongue coating - food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating. [7] This coating has been identified as a major contributing factor in bad breath ( halitosis ), [ 7 ] which can be managed by brushing the tongue gently with a toothbrush or using special oral hygiene instruments such as tongue scrapers ...
The tongue may show a diffuse, smooth generalized enlargement. [3] The face may show maxillary hypoplasia causing relative mandibular prognathism. Apparent macroglossia can also occur in Down syndrome. [8] The tongue has a papillary, fissured surface. [3] Macroglossia may be a sign of hypothyroid disorders.
Lymphangiomas are far less common in the oral mucosa, usually appearing on the tongue, less commonly the lip at birth or in infancy. They are colourless to pale pink and may be nodular projections or resemble "frog spawn" domes. They can cause macroglossia (enlargement of the tongue).
Crenated tongue is usually asymptomatic and harmless. [3] It is not a disease as such, but usually results from habits where the tongue is pressed against the lingual surfaces (the side facing the tongue) of the dental arches, or from any cause of macroglossia (enlarged tongue), [3] which in itself has many causes such as Down syndrome.
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease the mobility of the tongue tip [1] and is caused by an unusually short, ...
Median rhomboid glossitis is a condition characterized by an area of redness and loss of lingual papillae on the central dorsum of the tongue, sometimes including lesions of the tongue and palate. It is seen in patients using inhaled steroids and smokers, and is usually a kind of chronic atrophic oral candidiasis , but hematinic deficiency and ...
Glossoptosis is a medical condition and abnormality which involves the downward displacement or retraction of the tongue. [1] It may cause non-fusion of the hard palate , causing cleft palate . It is one of the features of Pierre Robin sequence and Down syndrome .
Hypoglossia is a short, incompletely developed tongue. It can occur either as an isolated malformation or in association with other deformities, [1] particularly limb defects in a syndrome known as oromandibular limb hypogenesis syndrome.