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Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. [1] It is the two-dimensional analogue of the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept).
A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...
Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area (SA) of a material per unit mass, [1] (with units of m 2 /kg or m 2 /g). Alternatively, it may be defined as SA per solid or bulk volume [ 2 ] [ 3 ] (units of m 2 /m 3 or m −1 ).
A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.
The area density (also known as areal density, surface density, superficial density, areic density, mass thickness, column density, or density thickness) of a two-dimensional object is calculated as the mass per unit area. The SI derived unit is the "kilogram per square metre" (kg·m −2).
Toughness as defined by the area under the stress–strain curve for one unit volume of the material. In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. [1] Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture.
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where z σ and z β are coordination numbers corresponding to the surface and the bulk regions of the material, and are equal to 5 and 6, respectively; a 0 is the surface area of an individual molecule, and W AA is the pairwise intermolecular energy. Surface area can be determined by squaring the cube root of the volume of the molecule: