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  2. Nucleophile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile

    In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are Lewis bases. Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile to bond with positively charged ...

  3. Nucleophilic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution

    The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. An example of nucleophilic substitution is the hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide , R-Br under basic conditions, where the attacking nucleophile is hydroxyl ( OH − ) and the leaving group is bromide ( Br − ).

  4. Organolithium reagent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organolithium_reagent

    Owing to the polar nature of the C−Li bond, organolithium reagents are good nucleophiles and strong bases. For laboratory organic synthesis, many organolithium reagents are commercially available in solution form. These reagents are highly reactive, and are sometimes pyrophoric.

  5. Non-nucleophilic base - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-nucleophilic_base

    Normal bases are also nucleophiles, but often chemists seek the proton-removing ability of a base without any other functions. Typical non-nucleophilic bases are bulky, such that protons can attach to the basic center but alkylation and complexation is inhibited.

  6. SN2 reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN2_reaction

    The methoxide anion, for example, is both a strong base and nucleophile because it is a methyl nucleophile, and is thus very much unhindered. tert -Butoxide , on the other hand, is a strong base, but a poor nucleophile, because of its three methyl groups hindering its approach to the carbon.

  7. Superbase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbase

    Organometallic compounds of electropositive metals are superbases, but they are generally strong nucleophiles. Examples include organolithium and organomagnesium ( Grignard reagent ) compounds. Another type of organometallic superbase has a reactive metal exchanged for a hydrogen on a heteroatom , such as oxygen (unstabilized alkoxides ) or ...

  8. The idea that HDL cholesterol is good for you stems from a study conducted in the 1970s that determined high levels of HDL were linked with a low heart disease risk, explains Alfonso Waller, M.D ...

  9. HSAB theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSAB_theory

    An application of HSAB theory is the so-called Kornblum's rule (after Nathan Kornblum) which states that in reactions with ambident nucleophiles (nucleophiles that can attack from two or more places), the more electronegative atom reacts when the reaction mechanism is S N 1 and the less electronegative one in a S N 2 reaction.

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