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  2. Volcanic ash - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash

    The principal damage sustained by aircraft flying into a volcanic ash cloud is abrasion to forward-facing surfaces, such as the windshield and leading edges of the wings, and accumulation of ash into surface openings, including engines. [65] Abrasion of windshields and landing lights will reduce visibility forcing pilots to rely on their ...

  3. Eruption column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_column

    The volcanic materials form a vertical column or plume that may rise many kilometers into the air above the vent of the volcano. In the most explosive eruptions, the eruption column may rise over 40 km (25 mi), penetrating the stratosphere. Stratospheric injection of aerosols by volcanoes is a major cause of short-term climate change.

  4. Pyroclastic flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow

    Pyroclastic flows sweep down the flanks of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, in 2018. A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) [1] is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h (30 m/s; 60 mph) but is capable of reaching speeds up to ...

  5. Alaska volcano spews ash cloud high enough to draw weather ...

    www.aol.com/news/alaska-volcano-spews-ash-cloud...

    An erupting volcano in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands sent a towering cloud of ash into the air Friday, prompting the National Weather Service to issue an inflight warning to pilots. The Shishaldin ...

  6. Massive Ash Cloud Observed as Stromboli Volcano Erupts in ...

    www.aol.com/news/massive-ash-cloud-observed...

    A thick ash cloud was seen towering above Italy’s Stromboli volcano on December 5 as the eruption continued.Footage recorded by Angelo Gitto shows emissions spiraling into the sky, as lava glows ...

  7. Vulcanian eruption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanian_eruption

    A Vulcanian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption characterized by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak. They usually commence with phreatomagmatic eruptions which can be extremely noisy due to the rising magma heating water in the ground.

  8. Ash from erupting Indonesia volcano cancels flights in and ...

    www.aol.com/ash-erupting-indonesia-volcano...

    More photos from various days since the eruption show the ash cloud in great detail, looming over villages. According to BNPB, 11,553 citizens have evacuated due to the eruptions.

  9. Tephra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra

    Tephrochronology is a geochronological technique that uses discrete layers of tephra—volcanic ash from a single eruption—to create a chronological framework in which paleoenvironmental or archaeological records can be placed. Often, when a volcano explodes, biological organisms are killed and their remains are buried within the tephra layer.