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In this context, either an information-theoretical measure, such as functional clusters (Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi's functional clustering model and dynamic core hypothesis (DCH) [47]) or effective information (Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness [48] [49] [50]), is defined (on the basis of a reentrant process ...
Charles S. Peirce's theory of information was embedded in his wider theory of symbolic communication he called the semiotic, now a major part of semiotics. For Peirce, information integrates the aspects of signs and expressions separately covered by the concepts of denotation and extension , on the one hand, and by connotation and comprehension ...
Some of the oldest methods of telecommunications implicitly use many of the ideas that would later be quantified in information theory. Modern telegraphy, starting in the 1830s, used Morse code, in which more common letters (like "E", which is expressed as one "dot") are transmitted more quickly than less common letters (like "J", which is expressed by one "dot" followed by three "dashes").
An information diagram is a type of Venn diagram used in information theory to illustrate relationships among Shannon's basic measures of information: entropy, joint entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information. [1] [2] Information
The article was the founding work of the field of information theory. It was later published in 1949 as a book titled The Mathematical Theory of Communication (ISBN 0-252-72546-8), which was published as a paperback in 1963 (ISBN 0-252-72548-4).
Information society theory discusses the role of information and information technology in society, the question of which key concepts should be used for characterizing contemporary society, and how to define such concepts. It has become a specific branch of contemporary sociology.
There is an analogy between Shannon's basic "measures" of the information content of random variables and a measure over sets. Namely the joint entropy , conditional entropy , and mutual information can be considered as the measure of a set union , set difference , and set intersection , respectively (Reza pp. 106–108).
The (standard) Boolean model of information retrieval (BIR) [1] is a classical information retrieval (IR) model and, at the same time, the first and most-adopted one. [2] The BIR is based on Boolean logic and classical set theory in that both the documents to be searched and the user's query are conceived as sets of terms (a bag-of-words model).