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A separate issue is the use of testing on animals as a means of initial testing during drug development, or actual production. [40] Guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing are the Three Rs first described by Russell and Burch in 1959. [41] These principles are now followed in many testing establishments worldwide.
Human uses of animals include both practical uses, such as the production of food and clothing, and symbolic uses, such as in art, literature, mythology, and religion. All of these are elements of culture, broadly understood. Animals used in these ways include fish, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, mammals and birds.
Animal-derived drugs are a major source of modern medications used around the world. [ 2 ] [ 17 ] The use of these drugs can cause certain animals to become endangered or threatened ; however, it is difficult to identify the animal species used in medicine since animal-derived drugs are often processed, which degrades their DNA .
Carmine, derived from crushed cochineal beetles, is a red or purple substance commonly used in food products. [41] It is common in food products such as juice, candy, and yogurt. [42] [43] The presence of carmine in these products has been a source of controversy. [44] [45] One major source of controversy was the use of carmine in Starbucks ...
Animal-source foods are a diverse group of foods that are rich in bioavailable nutrients including calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins B12, vitamin D, choline, DHA, and EPA. [11] Animal-source and plant-based foods have complimentary nutrient profiles and balanced diets containing both reduce the risk of nutritional deficiencies. [ 11 ]
Animals may be used as food either directly or indirectly. This includes meat, eggs, shellfish and dairy products like milk and cheese. [16] They are an important source of protein and are considered complete proteins for human consumption, as (unlike plant proteins) they contain all the amino acids essential for the human body. [17]
A cat eating grass – an example of zoopharmacognosy. Zoopharmacognosy is a behaviour in which non-human animals self-medicate by selecting and ingesting or topically applying plants, soils and insects with medicinal properties, to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of pathogens, toxins, and even other animals.
Animals are raised for a wide variety of products, principally meat, wool, milk, and eggs, but also including tallow, isinglass and rennet. [52] [53] Animals are also kept for more specialised purposes, such as to produce vaccines [54] and antiserum (containing antibodies) for medical use. [55]