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Welsh remained strong in the north-west and in parts of mid-Wales and south-west Wales. Rural Wales was a stronghold of the Welsh language, and so also were the industrial slate-quarrying communities of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire. [9] Many of the nonconformist churches throughout Wales were strongly associated with the Welsh language.
The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a standardised National Curriculum in England and Wales. The curriculum specified what subjects should be taught and what standard children were expected to reach by different ages. It grouped school years between the ages of five and sixteen into four "key stages". According to one summary of the act: [1]
The school-leaving age was increased to 15 in 1947 and 16 in 1972. Further and higher education also expanded overtime. Formal Welsh-medium education was established beginning in 1939 and the Welsh language became a universal school subject from 1990. The administration of education in Wales was effected by the process of Welsh devolution.
In the 19th century Welsh was often repressed by schools. [2] [3] In the 20th century the language gradually gained a more prominent role in the education system.[4] [5] Beginning in the early decades of the 20th century, schools in predominantly Welsh-speaking areas of Wales began to use Welsh as a partial medium of instruction, primarily with younger children.
Culture of Wales. The culture of Wales is distinct, with its own language, customs, festivals, music, art, cuisine, mythology, history, and politics. Wales is primarily represented by the symbol of the red Welsh Dragon, but other national emblems include the leek and the daffodil.
In both 2011 and 2021, Polish was the most spoken main language after Welsh and English, accounting for 0.7% of the population (21,000), up from 0.6% in 2011. Arabic was the next most common main language in Wales at 0.3%, up from 0.2% in 2011. [3] British Sign Language (BSL) was the preferred language of 900 (0.03%), up from 800 in 2011.
The Welsh language was thus formally recognised as a legitimate language in legal and administrative contexts for the first time in English law. [82] The proportion of the Welsh population able to speak the Welsh language was declining, falling from just under 50% in 1901 to 43.5% in 1911 and reaching a low of 18.9% in 1981.
At the National Eisteddfod of Wales 2009, a further announcement was made by the Welsh Language Board that the mobile phone company Samsung was to work with the network provider Orange to provide the first mobile phone in the Welsh language, [108] with the interface and the T9 dictionary on the Samsung S5600 available in the Welsh language. The ...