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Filamentation can also be induced by signalling factors produced by other bacteria. [29] In addition, Agrobacterium spp. filament in proximity to plant roots, [30] and E. coli filaments when exposed to plant extracts. [31] Lastly, bacteriophage infection can result in filamentation via the expression of proteins that inhibit divisome assembly. [8]
Filamentation occurs as a direct response to these effectors that are produced by the predator and there is a size preference for grazing that varies for each species of protist. [1] The filamentous bacteria that are larger than 7 μm in length are generally inedible by marine protists. This morphological class is called grazing resistant. [13]
Stentor coeruleus, used in molecular biology (its genome has been sequenced), [5] and is studied as a model of single-cell regeneration.; Dictyostelium discoideum, used in molecular biology and genetics (its genome has been sequenced), and is studied as an example of cell communication, differentiation, and programmed cell death.
Many cyanobacteria form motile filaments of cells, called hormogonia, that travel away from the main biomass to bud and form new colonies elsewhere. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The cells in a hormogonium are often thinner than in the vegetative state, and the cells on either end of the motile chain may be tapered.
Inhibition of FtsZ disrupts septum formation, resulting in filamentation of bacterial cells (top right of electron micrograph).. During cell division, FtsZ is the first protein to move to the division site, and is essential for recruiting other proteins that produce a new cell wall between the dividing cells.
L-form bacteria, also known as L-phase bacteria, L-phase variants or cell wall-deficient bacteria (CWDB), are growth forms derived from different bacteria. They lack cell walls . [ 1 ] Two types of L-forms are distinguished: unstable L-forms , spheroplasts that are capable of dividing, but can revert to the original morphology, and stable L ...
Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes) is a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure. [2] The renaming of phyla such as Firmicutes in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature.
Bacteria carry the prophage as a stable low copy number plasmid. The frequency with which viable cells cured of prophage are produced is about 10(-5) per cell per generation. [8] A significant part of this remarkable stability can be attributed to a plasmid-encoded toxin-antitoxin module phd-doc causes death of cells that have lost P1. [9]