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In United States Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter <711> Dissolution, there are four dissolution apparatuses standardized and specified. [6] They are: USP Dissolution Apparatus 1 – Basket (37 °C ± 0.5 °C ) USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 – Paddle (37 °C ± 0.5 °C) USP Dissolution Apparatus 3 – Reciprocating Cylinder (37 °C ± 0.5 °C)
The USP is published in a combined volume with the National Formulary (a formulary) as the USP-NF. [2] If a drug ingredient or drug product has an applicable USP quality standard (in the form of a USP-NF monograph), it must conform in order to use the designation "USP" or "NF".
The term “pesticide residue” includes residues from unknown or unavoidable sources (e.g. environmental) as well as known uses of the chemical. The definition of a residue for compliance with maximum residue limits (MRLs) is that combination of the pesticide and its metabolites, derivatives and related compounds to which the MRL applies. [4]
Triton X-100 (C 14 H 22 O(C 2 H 4 O) n) is a nonionic surfactant that has a hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain (on average it has 9.5 ethylene oxide units) and an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic group.
COSMO-RS (short for COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents) [1] [2] [3] is a quantum chemistry based equilibrium thermodynamics method with the purpose of predicting chemical potentials μ in liquids. It processes the screening charge density σ on the surface of molecules to calculate the chemical potential μ of each species in ...
An increase in solvent polarity decreases the rates of reactions where there is less charge in the activated complex in comparison to the starting materials; A change in solvent polarity will have little or no effect on the rates of reaction when there is little or no difference in charge between the reactants and the activated complex. [6]
Gamma-Butyrolactone is used as a chemical solvent and a cleaning agent, [15] for example in paint stripping or for cleaning graffiti. [16] Butyrolactone is a precursor to other chemicals. Reaction with methylamine gives NMP, and with ammonia gives pyrrolidone. It is also used as a solvent in lotions and some polymers. [5]
The solubility of another chlorine solvent, carbon tetrachloride, at 0 °C is about 30% (3.11 mol/L). One mole of C 4 Cl 6 can dissolve more chlorine than one mole of CCl 4, but the molecular weight difference between the two solvents is such that per liter of solvent, more chlorine can be dissolved in carbon tetrachloride. Shown below is the ...