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Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
Schematic diagram of the human eye showing. Subconjunctival injection is a type of periocular route of injection for ocular drug administration by administration of a medication either under the conjunctiva or underneath the conjunctiva lining the eyelid.
Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is generally not recommended. [5] It is a prostaglandin analog and works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes. [4] Travoprost was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2001. [4] [3] It is available as a generic medication in the United Kingdom. [5]
Perfluorohexyloctane is sold as an over-the-counter medication under the brand names Evotears and Novatears in multiple countries, [10] costing around NZ$34.00, A$30, and €30 for a one-month supply. In the US, perfluorohexyloctane is sold under the brand name Miebo; a prescription is required.
Brimonidine is an α 2 agonist medication used to treat open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and rosacea. [4] [5] In rosacea it improves the redness. [5] It is used as eye drops or applied to the skin. [4] [5] It is also available in the fixed-dose combination medication brimonidine/timolol along with timolol maleate. [6]
Oral administration of a liquid. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. [1] Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration ...
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved antibiotics for this use and it is considered 'off-label'. Concerns about this procedure contributing to increasing numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria have been expressed.
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. [5] This includes use as an eye ointment to treat conjunctivitis. [6] By mouth or by injection into a vein, it is used to treat meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid fever. [5]