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Maleic anhydride is a classic substrate for Diels-Alder reactions. [9] It was used for work in 1928, on the reaction between maleic anhydride and 1,3-butadiene, for which Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. It is through this reaction that maleic anhydride is converted to many pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
In industry, maleic acid is derived by hydrolysis of maleic anhydride, the latter being produced by oxidation of benzene or butane. [4] Maleic acid is an industrial raw material for the production of glyoxylic acid by ozonolysis. [8] Maleic acid may be used to form acid addition salts with drugs to make them more stable, such as indacaterol ...
The material is synthesized by the esterification of maleic acid or maleic anhydride and ethanol. [2] [3] [4] Uses.
2,3-Dimethylmaleic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula (CH 3) 2 C 2 (CO) 2 O. [1] It is related to maleic anhydride (MA) by replacement of the two CH units with CCH 3 groups. The compound can be prepared from two eqiuvalents of MA in the presence of 2-aminopyridine followed by treatment with sulfuric acid.
Succinic anhydride hydrolyzes readily to give succinic acid: (CH 2 CO) 2 O + H 2 O → (CH 2 CO 2 H) 2. With alcohols (ROH), a similar reaction occurs, delivering the monoester: (CH 2 CO) 2 O + ROH → RO 2 CCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H. Succinic anhydride is used in acylations under Friedel-Crafts conditions, as illustrated by the industrial route to the ...
Maleimide-mediated methodologies are among the most used in bioconjugation. [5] [6] Due to fast reactions and high selectivity towards cysteine residues in proteins, a large variety of maleimide heterobifunctional reagents are used for the preparation of targeted therapeutics, assemblies for studying proteins in their biological context, protein-based microarrays, or proteins immobilisation. [7]
3-Sulfolene reacts with maleic anhydride in boiling xylene to cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, obtaining yields of up to 90%. [4] 3-Sulfolene reacts also with dienophiles in trans configuration (such as diethyl fumarate) at 110 °C with SO 2 elimination in 66–73% yield to the trans-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic diethyl ester. [17]
The latter feature results in the solubility of SMA in alkaline (water-based) solutions and dispersion. SMA is available in a broad range of molecular weights and maleic anhydride (MA) contents. In a typical combination of those two properties, SMA is available as a crystal clear granule that can be used in a wide variety of applications.
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